Fred Hoyt's Travels

Shanghai’d

I was reading in the local paper yesterday something I should have known: China’s economic renaissance began 30 years ago when Deng Xiao-ping “opened” China to economic development. The changes in lifestyle have been enormous, and, as I’ve said, every time I come back I marvel how much change has occurred, even in the year or two since my last visit.

Probably no city has changed more than Shanghai. We’re here as long as anywhere on the trip, but “here” is as modern as anywhere in the world. As the former prime minister of Singapore pointed out, when Hong Kongers noted the rivalry between the two city-states, “I’d worry about Shanghai, not Singapore.” Like probably every city I’ve been to, it’s a melange of colors, a far cry from the 1990 visit, when the colors were dominated by gray, olive, and blue–the colors of the “Mao jacket.” And with its assortment of high rise after high rise, and some impressive architecture, including one building that looks like the yoga position, “mountain,” more “modern.” The Shanghai leaders who went to Beijing after 1990 have reversed the disdain and ignorance (literally) of Shanghai which caused the Maoists to let it alone.

Here’re some quick vignettes about business and how “socialist (no one wants to call themselves capitalist) with Chinese characteristics” this place has become:

First, we’re staying in a hotel that’s not on the Web. Partly that’s because it’s pretty far from the places foreigners frequent (my GPS says 15 miles!). In part, though, it’s because the Chen Yuen is a former guest house run by the People’s Liberation Army. I’ve seen the figures on the percentage of business that the PLA ran (at one time, I recall it was 30% or so). Our guide told us it’s now a tourist hotel because the Army is under orders to “turn a profit” on its businesses, one of the consequences of the economic opening 30 years ago, and the joining of the World Trade Organization in 2001. By the way, it’s a reasonably nice hotel with big rooms, some amenities including ESPN Asia (ever watch a cricket match?), and not many people who speak English. It does have free Internet, so I’ve been able to borrow Dr. Park’s computer overnight, and when I get up early, continue the blog.

Second, our business visit was to Mizuno, a wholly-Japanese owned company that makes sporting goods. Some of you who play baseball or softball might recognize them from the quality of their gloves. We (IWU) recognize them because of the quality of their management–I think it’s the VP Finance in Osaka, the home of Mizuno, who graduated IWU, and his son, who graduated two years ago.

The factory employs about 1,500, with an average salary of $200 a month. It sounds like they also pay some benefits. The plant managers were most proud of their low turnover in what looks like a pretty repetitious job. Although the plant is highly automated (and one might have suspected, very clean!), automated means someone puts a baseball in a machine and machine stitches it. And people (mostly women–the plant has 80% women) then hand stitch the balls, or the mitts, or hand glue the golf club heads to the shaft (“come and get shafted,” I quipped). Bear in mind one important fact, which I just read about in the Far Eastern Economic Review (but not in the Pantagraph, or anywhere else in the U.S.): to protect workers’ rights, the Chinese government has raised the minimum wage–to the point where factories in the Southern Province of Guangdong have closed and/or moved to Viet Nam, Indonesia, and Thailand. It may be a development worth watching in terms of China as the manufacturer to the world.

I think I mentioned that 1,000 cars a day join the traffic jam in Beijing. Shanghai boast that its traffic jams are worse (and they certainly were 15 years ago, hands down!) but today those jams are on expressways, not streets in the old French concession meant for Model T Fords or horses. There’s also (and I’ve only seen this in Japan), occasional maps that indicate where the traffic jams are (in red), where traffic jams are slow (in yellow), or where you can weave in and out of traffic trying to see how close you can come to being annihilated (I don’t think anyone ever fails the driver’s exam, which costs $500—2-l/2 months wages for the Mizuno factory workers). I even saw a drive-through in McDonald’s, though there are some interesting stories on how the Chinese don’t know how to use them–driving through, ordering, and going inside to eat, for example.

Finally, I’ve been to two “marts.” One is Wal-Mart, the other a local variety. The Wal-Mart in Xi’an stopped me from taking pictures (fortunately, not until after I snapped a few for my distribution class). I liked the terracotta warrior. We were able to visit only the grocery store at Wal-Mart, but that was interesting because I think food is very cultural (good thing we didn’t have any of the squeamish with us; it was early on one of my walks, and I went with Dr. Park). Besides live, they had chicken feet and cooked dumplings and lots of other things that you don’t find in regular grocery store in the states. It was nice in those two marts to see what Chinese buy, instead of being taken to the massive “outlet stores” that sell essentially the same knockoffs and are frequented by the same foreigners you see at all the sights. Don’t buy the look-alike memory cards, Dr. Park and I learned. Mine was good for ten shots.

As for Shanghai, I wrote David Hoyt three years ago that he’d never been here, but in some ways I’d never been here either–that’s the difference that a year or two makes. It’s been the most commercial city in China since it wrested from the Chinese as a foreign settlement in the 1840s. In the International Settlement (the British and American areas combined, and the small foreign population essentially ruled the area until World War II), and the French concession (the French consul general ruled here), industry grew, so much that after 1949, many Shanghainese fled to Taiwan or Hong Kong, and help make those two Chinese areas bastions of industry. The city itself was suspect during the craziness of the later Mao years because it had so many capitalist roaders (as they were called during the cultural revolution, and frequently beaten to death–see Life and Death in Shanghai for an interesting memoir); it is one of the great ironies here (and there are many) that you can buy dolls with dunce caps ala Cultural Revolution period!

Some of the old is still here–and again, it’s one of the ironies–and even improved. Yesterday, I got us taken to the Bund, the area most foreigners visit, and the lucky ones stay near. It’s the waterfront area which, during the colonial days, had the impressive architecture that marked the permanence with which foreigners thought they would stay here. If you’ve seen “Empire of the Sun,” you’ve seen the facades which are still present. Most of the buildings on puxi, the western bank of the Whangpu River, were built before 1930. The Chinese have erected historical markers, officially making these buildings part of their “heritage.” My favorite, the Peace Hotel (built in the 1920s by opium magnate Sassoon, and Indo-Persian) was unfortunately closed, but as I recalled, the former Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Building had been renovated (when the British were driven out, the Bank housed the municipal government, which subsequently built a palace near the Shanghai museum–at the site of the former racetrack!). During the renovation, they discovered the murals on the dome had been painted over; in a country which can afford painstaking labor, the Chinese got the paint off, and revealed the elegance that only the old world and old times could afford. I managed to snap a picture of “London” before the guard told me no pictures. I hadn’t been there before, and of course our guide had never been there. It’s fun being a guide (the guides tell me, with some admiration, that I’m really Chinese.)

The old China is here in other ways, too. Shanghai being an international settlement before 1941 meant anyone could get into the city. The communist party started here, and various Asian communists (including someone you know as Ho chi minh–which wasn’t his real name) spent time here. So did various nationals–sort of like in 19th century London (Karl Marx hung out in the British Library). One national group that found a haven here were the Koreans who declared independence from Japan in 1919–a fateful year in Asian history–including the first president of Korea (after 1945, and an American favorite, Syngman Rhee). They didn’t get it until the end of WWII. There’s a museum in the old French concession in the house where the conspirators met and lived, seeking (as did the Chinese) to influence the decisions the Allies made at Versailles (with even less success than the Chinese, who eventually got the Japanese out of Shantung). Dr. Park, who is Korean, and I cut our visit short at the museum and took a cab to the building, where everything was in Korean, so I was glad I had my own personal translator. He was really moved, and it was moving to be with him–explore your own heritage and you’ll see what I mean.

For lunch yesterday we were taken to Nanking Road, the major shopping area, and left on our own. The students headed for the McDonald’s–food is very cultural, and the tourist food tends to be fairly repetitious. They were glad to have the chance to eat “real” food. We sit at big tables with a lazy susan, and I realized last night that the meat goes first, and sometimes exclusively, which leaves the vegetables and the more exotic dishes for me and Dr. Park. Anyway, Nanking road is “Michigan Avenue” (one of the billboards here featured Chicago, and for all the world, it could have been Shanghai). Four of us, looking for “Chinese food” cut through an alleyway, with Chinese eating outside, having dumplings and indoor seating in mind. All of a sudden we were in the local China–two stories high, bedspreads and underwear drying in the sun, etc. We found a restaurant that met our low standards, and found no one who spoke English, no one who looked like he was from out of town, no English menu, and local prices. I asked for jiaozi and baozi, and hoped for the best. And it was. So even in the most cosmopolitan area in the most cosmopolitan town in China, it’s not all Michigan Avenue and “best quality” look-alikes.

We also got to the Yu Garden, a tourist spot in the old Chinese city at least for a hundred years (and I have the postcards in my collection to prove it). Now surrounded by the “City God mall,” the Garden was an estate of a Ming dynasty official (built for his parents–recommended as a gift from the class to their teachers), who had both money and taste. It had its own opera house, rocks brought in with wondrous shapes from Tai Lake, mahogany furniture (that frankly looked uncomfortable, but we weren’t allowed to sit in it anyway), and the ponds and hills that combined make up the word for scenery in Chinese. Even with the crowds, and even surrounded by 15 million Shanghainese, it provides the serenity that the rich could afford.

Bear in mind, as I think I’ve said millions of times, quoting Deng Xiao ping, “To be rich is glorious.” As true in the Ming Dynasty as today. In other words, study hard.

Good morning to me, good evening to you. Two more days here–thence to Xiamen.

 

Napoleon once said, “the world will tremble when China awakes,” but I don’t think he had in mind what we experienced. As I mentioned, we were in Xi’an, about 500 miles from the epicenter, when the quake hit. It was about 2:30 in the afternoon, and we were in the Great Mosque of Xi’an when all of a sudden everything started to sway. We got away from any buildings (the Mosque area has lots of open areas) and watched while the water in the huge cauldrons (fire barrels) splashed around. When it stopped, we found that one of the tiles had fallen from the roof and crashed, and somewhat shaken, literally and figuratively, we wound our way back to the bus. We were on our way out of town to the airport, and as we drove through the city, we could see people were not in buildings; the local McDonalds told us that it had not been given permission to go back inside. And it stayed that way for at least an hour. The news here has been filled with information about the damage, and China’s response (contrast the government’s acceptance of aid, fast moving sending of the army, etc. with the response of the junta in Myanmar, and I think you’ll understand how far China has come in becoming a responsible member of the world community. In 1976, an earthquake in Tangshan resulted in 100,000 deaths in five minutes, and China responded to efforts to help the way the Burmese generals did). It was an unsettling minute, and we had a lot of inquiries from worried parents and a worried University.

Our ability to communicate in this flat world has certainly changed since my early times here, when I remember asking our secretary to fax information on IWU basketball games. Today, we can hear them live on the net!

The rest of the trip so far, I’m happy to say, has been at least as exciting, and far less menacing. Jack Perkowski, in Managing the Dragon, a new book that I recommend highly, talks about two Chinas (economically and lifestyle speaking), the foreign/local, and the local. We’ve seen them both in the last few days (have we been here only a week?)

The foreign/local are parts of the big cities: certainly Beijing and Shanghai, but even Xi’an. In fact, Shanghai is almost non-Chinese anymore, there are so many expressways, high rises, and new buildings. A case in point here in Shanghai is the museum I insisted we go to–it commemorates the first meeting of the Communist Party in China, held here in 1921. I’d gotten tour guides to take us here in the past–it’s not on the tour itinerary of most foreigners, who come to China (according to our guide) mostly to eat and shop. I remember that early trip (I got my first Mao watch there–when people asked what time it was, I said “Mao says it’s 5:21” which it is right now, “and therefore it is 5:21”). The museum is in the old French concession (more on that later, maybe), in an area which the local government has preserved as a relic of the old city, but it is now a shopping mecca with bars and coffee houses and discos–including a Starbucks (that doesn’t serve Chai!) I remember narrow streets, laundry from windows, and row after row of the two-story houses. Today, apart from the saved island, there’s high rises. As for the museum, the information is the same, the rhetoric (feudal democratic revolution, etc.) the same, but a new slick display area (including a mockup of the table where the founding fathers met, with Mao standing and speaking) glorifying the new, post-1949, China.

For Dr. Park, the highlight in Shanghai was where the Korean independence activists established a provisional government in 1919. It included Syngman Rhee, who was later president of an independent Korea.

It was similar in Beijing. Our last day there, we took a hutong tour. The hutongs were (and I suppose are) the small buildings in Beijing, a courtyard-type house with four apartments for an extended family surrounding a central area. Our group got into bicycle rickshaws and got pedaled around the streets near Beihai, a local park once reserved for the Mongol emperors. When I first came to China, there were many hutongs and no tours; today, there are few hutongs left and many tourists in them. Our guide told us the apartments sell for over $1 million despite many still lacking indoor plumbing and heating–and it gets cold in the winter in Beijing! Much of the rest of the city of 15 million is high rises.

Even Xi’an is similar in being part of the foreign/local economy. I remember writing two years ago about being on Michigan Avenue (China style), the main streets with Puma and Armati and Rolex (the real ones) etc. stores. It is still the same today.

The local economy is frequently viewed two blocks away. When Dr. Park and I walked in front of our hotel in Xi’an, where we had a location within the city wall, and we walked down a leafy street (the trees even today are called French trees, and look like a sycamore), he was ecstatic. He said, “I feel at home here,” meaning the name brand stores and upscale folks reminded him of Seoul, which is his measure of what home (he’s a native of Seoul) should look like. We walked a block, and turned down a smaller street dominated by the local economy–some foreign brands (mostly made in China–like Coke), but local stores selling local quality at local prices, with chickens running on the street, goat carcasses for sale, and small restaurants offering the good food you don’t get in the tourist shops. I turned to him and said, “I feel at home here!”

The local economy was especially apparent on our long train ride, from Beijing to Xi’an, about 574 miles as the GPS reads, but probably much longer by overnight train–and we had the most fast (translating literally) train–about 12 hours long. Going through the countryside (mostly wheat in North China) we could see villages and farms, many of them unchanged by the world economy, or even machinery. People are in the fields all the time, not just for planting and harvesting. Nonetheless, change is happening here too. The China Daily had an article about farmers who used to have a few pigs around; when they needed money, they would put the pig on a bicycle (I’ve seen them in the city) and sell it for seed money or whatever. As a measure of the changes, the Chinese now send a child to the city to work in a factory, or work in construction, or do whatever the middle classes in the city no longer want to do!

As for tourism, I think it’s alive and well. It’s the world’s biggest business, and certainly well developed in China. Take Xi’an.

Capital of China until 907 A.D. (and starting in the 2nd century B.C.) the city welcomes about 7 million visitors a year. What you see depends in part on who you are. If you’re a Westerner, you probably spend no more than two nights. For one of them, you get taken to a high-tech Hollywood-type performance (surrounded by other foreigners) of music and dance that they say is Tang dynasty, but seems more Bill Bixby, who wrote a lot of 30s choreographed dance and song movies (I refrained from singing Hooray for Hollywood). You also get to see the buried army of the first emperor, Qin Shih-huang, who unified China around 221. It is spectacular, and did help turn this once sleepy West China city into a tourist mecca.

When I got here in 1990, the buses pulled up to the museum, you walked the gauntlet between the shopkeepers who hassled and hustled to sell you copies of the warriors and left. Last time I was here (two years ago) you got to walk a long way through a rather attractive park from the bus lot to the museum. Today, you return to your bus passing an international mall with fountains and more opportunities to shop till you drop (do you remember the former leader who opened China–done shopping was his name!)

And you get one of the ancient pagodas built in the 7th century. If you’re non-Western, especially a Buddhist, you can spend a week in the area around Xi’an and never run out of interesting ruins. For example (and I’ve never seen it), Xuan Zhong is buried here–the monk whose “Journey to the West” brought Buddhism to China. And if you are Japanese or Korean, you spend a lot of time in Xi’an because Chinese civilization spread to those countries during the Tang dynasty. The other tourist activity is a visit to the wall, a 13.8 kilometer wall, around 30 foot wide, that was built during the Ming Dynasty. It’s a great place to bike and see the city, though, as I said, over the years, much of the city has been rebuilt.

You might have read in the Chicago paper a news story making the rounds here; China announced it formed a company to build aircraft. Our guide in Xi’an told us that factories there were already making parts for Boeing. That was probably more what Napoleon had in mind than earthquakes. Talk to you soon!

Monumental. That’s what Peking can be, and frequently is. There were at least three monuments we saw the last few days. Starting from the newest:

The Olympic Village and stadia. No doubt, as I mentioned, Beijing is ready to welcome the Olympics, and you’ll be seeing a lot of what I saw, and hearing what I heard this a.m. (at 4 a.m. Professor Park and I left our hotel for a cab ride in to Tiananmen Square for the flag raising; you can recognize me from the pictures–I’m the one without a cigarette, that is, if you can find me amid the 4000 people there for the 5:06 flag raising and the national anthem, QiLai, which means “Arise‚” or, at 5 a.m., “awake!”) The Olympics dominate almost everything–the vendors everywhere (I think the Beijing city government owns the copyright, so there’s little intellectual property theft), the only English language TV station (the torch was up on Mt. Everest today, and there’s a special postal cancel at 20,000 feet! I’m not going up there to get it!), and the billboards. As I viewed the stadium from the bus (which was crawling on the expressway near it), I thought–another monumental project with one million people working on it.

Just like the other two monuments we visited the last two days. One was the Forbidden city, home of the Ming and Qing Emperors since the late 15th century, when the 3rd Ming emperor moved his capital north (so he could better control the barbarians, as I recall). No matter how often I’ve been here, I’m still in awe of the 9,999 rooms that it has, only a small portion of which are visible to the public. The last emperor lived here in 1908, was dethroned in 1911, but lived in parts of the city until 1924, when he was evicted and went to live in the Japanese concession in Tientsin, then became the first and last emperor of Manchukuo in the 1930s, then was a gardener after spending some time as a guest of the PRC in jail. Anyway, like so much around here, it’s brushed up, the Starbucks evicted, bolstered by fresh paint and huge crowds. There were probably more people in the city yesterday than were in it during most of the entire reigns of the emperors. It’s laid out north to south, with the private quarters toward the north. The best part of the visit for me has always been the trek up Coal Hill, which overlooks the Forbidden City. The 1 million people who built it, built a moat and piled the dirt at the north end for an imperial park. North of Coal Hill there’s an interesting place, too–it’s the Normal University, but in 1919 was the site of the origins of the May 4th movement, a student led protest against the allies’ conceding of the Shantung peninsula to Japan as one of the fruits of the First World War. The uproar led, among other things, to the origination of the Chinese Communist Party. Ironically, when the communists came to power, one of the first things they did was to move the students to the former Christian college (Yenching University) on the outskirts of town.

The final monument was the Great Wall, another treat, no matter how many times you’ve seen it. It boggles the imagination to think that the first emperor (Qin, whose tomb we’ll visit tomorrow in Xian) solidified the 3,000-mile wall, which stretches from the Gulf of Chili into the Gobi desert. The part we went to is the closest to Beijing, about 40 miles away, at an elevation of 2,500 feet (my GPS sometimes comes in handy). We took a cable car with the other “balloons‚” (it was raining and people bought colorful ponchos) and walked for about two hours. The wall, incidentally, can’t be seen from the moon (so they say) and never kept anyone out, but probably kept the Chinese in. I liked it better in January, when I did not have to share it with crowds (they say when you’re one in a million, in China there are 1,500 others just like you)!

A word on our one business visit. We went to Caterpillar Beijing, which was neat because they had heard of Illinois Wesleyan. We had an American expat, who has spent time at Cat Europe as well, talk about an hour on the history of Cat in China. It’s been here since the late 1970s, and is still trying to establish a presence. Although Cat for the first time earned more overseas than in the United States, Cat’s sales here are only about $1 billion. Sounds like a lot, and I wish I had it, but it’s only about the same as the amount Cat earns on licensing (it gets money for letting people sell Caterpillar shoes!) Nonetheless, the company has moved its Asia Pacific headquarters to Beijing (from Tokyo) and has put China into its strategic plan as a critical factor in the company’s success. It’s a premium brand though, in a largely price market, so Cat has done some unusual things here: developed independent financing, started rental stores, and is manufacturing world-class quality equipment in China. Wanna buy a wheel loader anyone? People here probably do. China is like I-55–under construction.

We have a long day today of sightseeing (a tour of the hutongs, the older neighborhoods, on bicycle), then the overnight train to Xi’an, nearly 600 miles away (I’ll check my GPS) and I think 10 or 11 hours on a sleeper. That was the capital of China for a thousand years, most recently a thousand years ago! Now that’s a lot of history!

Have a great weekend.

Time flies–especially when you are flying West (to go East). If you fly far enough, you lose a day! That’s what happened to us. We left at 1:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and the next thing I knew (after about 18 hours in the air and 4 hours in Seoul) we were in Beijing–and it was 9 a.m. on Wednesday. At least that’s what they told us (sorry, I’m typing much faster than the machine can handle–at 1 yuan a minute I need to).

Beijing is getting ready for the Olympics, and perhaps the best example I can give you of the face lifting (and of the changes from when I first came in 1990) is the airport. When I came in 90, I still remember the two lane road. You can still see it from the 8 lane expressway! We got stuck behind a horse cart. And the terminal was probably vintage 1940. It was so old they said it was when I was your age. Today, they’ve opened a new terminal that is 3 miles long! And of course, the newest in the world. That seems appropriate given that Beijing is still constructing high rise after high rise, so that when the 3 million people descend on this city for the Olympics (and get stuck in the traffic that even without them is swelled by the addition of one thousand new cars each day!), and they’re stuck in traffic, like we are, they’ll be impressed by the newness of China. I think I read in business week that Chinese architects, buoyed by their design work for the Olympic facilities (which we’ll see later this weekend) are aiming for contracts and building around the world. It’s part of the the edifice complex that’s hit all the Asian countries, all of whom want to be able to say “highest, tallest, biggest, or newest” and all can!

We got in at 9 and have been on the run (or stuck in traffic) ever since. Wednesday was devoted to three of my favorite temples–the Temple of Heaven, the (Tibetan) Lama Temple, and the Confucian temple, all in central Beijing (about an hour from where we’re staying; I never had a sense of how Beijing sprawls until this trip. We’re far out, and yet hemmed in!). The Temple of Heaven is where the emperor regulated the harvest; if he failed, he might lose the mandate of heaven, or the right to rule, and in an agricultural economy (remind me to say something about food prices today, even here) good harvests are important–and the last time I was here, the main harvest hall was being renovated. So, it was exciting to be back and see it without nets and bamboo and falling paint, in splendor that the emperors saw. If only we could have sacrificed a bullock. And there were probably almost as many people in the mile long facility and park as there were in all of the Qing Dynasty period. The Lama temple gets f ewer visitors, and like many of the historic places in Beijing, has a great deal of serenity; you’d never know you were in a city of 15 million people and 80 million cars. The temple, like many of the existing historic buildings, owes a lot to the Chen lung emperor, who ruled China in the late 17th century, and was the longest lived monarch in Chinese imperial history. He had many wives and even more girlfriends, many of whom were minorities. And as a Manchu (non Chinese), he had a tendency to support the various forms of Buddhism besides the main one. Tibetan Buddhism was one of his favorites, so he gave a former palace to the Tibetans whom he summoned to Beijing (partly as hostages, I think, to keep the peace)–and today it’s an active Tibetan monastery, which the combination of animism and Buddhism that makes the Tibetan Buddhist statues so frightening and wondrous. The next door Confucian temple is one of my favorites, because it memorializes scholars who passed the Confucian exams and became the ruling class of China–for centuries until 1908, students vied for good government jobs by memorizing the Chinese classics. The best in each province got to Beijing, and the best of the best wound up getting their Jin Shi degrees and jobs that would earn them money and power. And their names on stone steles.

If you do well, maybe your names will be up here.

Today, the exams (not the topics) are similar, and people get to go to the Beijing University for a route to wealth and power. We like to think of Beida (as it’s abbreviated) as the IWU of China.

We’re off to the Great Wall today, and I better run or I’ll have to miss the bus and run to the wall–and that’s about 50 miles!

Will be back online again, but I hope you all have a wonderful Mother’s Day!

Good-day to me, good night to you!

As most of you know, I’m taking 22 students to China and Korea, beginning tonight. We leave Chicago at 1 a.m. for Seoul, then on to Beijing. When we’re in China, we’re visiting Xian, Shanghai, and Xiamen, then to Hong Kong and Macau. We fly to Seoul for a week in Korea, including a night at a Buddhist monastery, which might be a lot like a “cabin campout.”

You’ll be getting e-mails and snail mails for a snapshot picture of what I think is happening, and what’s changing.

I will follow with great interest the activities of Troop 19. You’ll be in great hands with the parents who’ve given us such great support; it says a lot about them that I can leave, and the troop functions well.

I’ll be back June 4. After the trip with students is over, I’m headed to Tsingtao for a visit (and a marketing look at the Tsingtao Brewery, founded in 1903 by Germans–who then occupied Tsingtao), and then for a few days into southwestern China, the province of Yunnan, for a look at some of the minority peoples in the predominantly (over 90%) Han People’s Republic of China.

I’ll miss you, but I hope to continue to educate, even from a distance.

Have a great month, and study; remember Thomas Friedman’s World is Flat comment–children in Asia are hungry for your jobs!

Good grades and good Scouting!