Author: Fred Hoyt

My 27 new best friends and I will be saying goodbye early this morning as they head back to the United States, leaving at 3:30 am for Munich and thence to Chicago.  Perhaps it was appropriate that we spent half the day together, viewing still more of the attractions that bring 10-15 million visitors to Istanbul, then the other half of the day in a free for all, doing some of the other things that bring 10-15 million visitors to Istanbul.

All three of the sites we visited reflected the past of the city.  The visit to Aya Sophia represented the oldest visit.  The church, built on a previous church site, was constructed in the 6^th century during the reign of Justinian, who was responsible for many of the great works (and great expenses) of the Byzantine Empire; during his reign, the boundaries were at their greatest, including the reconquest of the Western Empire, i.e., Rome. Justinian (and his consort, the one- time courtesan, Theodora) were, for example, builders of the wonderful chapels at Ravenna, Italy, with their likeness.  Justinian’s efforts in Istanbul, however, led to the creation of the largest Church in the world at the time.  Emperors received their crowns in ceremonies in the Church, which was one of the last holdouts in 1453.  Of course, after the conquest, Mehmet added mosques, plastered over the mosaics, and for the next 400 years, Aya Sophia was a mosque.  During the Republic, Ataturk turned it into a museum, partially Christian, partially Muslim.  Some of the mosaics survived, but so did the mithrab and the camelskin panels praising Mohammed and Allah.  It remains, for me, one of the most impressive sights in Istanbul, partly for what it has meant over time.  When you come to see it, it may have more of its original features; about half the building now is being renovated.

Across from Aya Sophia, we visited a still-used mosque, from the 17^th century.  Western guidebooks usually call it the Blue Mosque because of the plethora of blue tiles in the stunning inside, but it’s really the mosque one of the sultans commissioned to be built (as our guide said most mosques were) in 7 years.  Indeed, the sultan ordered the mosque to have 6 prayer towers (minarets), because, at the time, only the mosque in Mecca had 6 minarets; most have only four, but the sultan of Turkey, defender of the faith, was, I think, at the time the overlord of Saudi Arabia, and wanted to demonstrate his authority. Enraged conservatives added three minarets, and now the mosque in Mecca has nine, but the Blue Mosque is the only one with 6.

Not many noticed it, and our guide did not point it out, but connecting the two religious institutions was what had been the center of Byzantine social life, the hippodrome.  At one time, it could seat 100,000 people, and was THE place for the Reds, Greens, and Blues and Whites to cheer on their teams, much as soccer fans still do today.  There’s not much left from the Byzantine days, save for a few obelisks (the Romans brought them to Rome, too).

The other site was a visit to a 15^th century business location, the so-called “Spice Market”, where merchants from Egypt and other exotic places brought their saffrons, teas, and other foodstuffs  that makes Istanbul a far more interesting place for me to eat than, say, London.  This was where I parted company with the group and began my own “free for all,” because there were a few places I thought I would hit because they were not on my after-trip itinerary.

The first was the Archeology Museum of Turkey, but it was closed, so I wandered toward the Great Palace mosaic museum.  One of the problems Turkey finds with any building in the historic district is that the builders invariably find something they need to excavate before they build.  That was the case when they discovered the floor of the great palace which had housed the Byzantine rulers.  The mosaic covers about 200 feet, and is one of the largest in the world, as befits one of the largest empires in the world.

From there, I wandered the streets of Istanbul, going in the direction of a mosque I really wanted to see for two reasons: it contained the grave of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Sultan who brought Islam into central Europe, being turned back (by rain and snow, said our guide) only at the gates of Vienna, by a combined European force (that was a good application of the European Union!) when the Polish army under John Sobieski turned up in the nick of time.  Plus, the architect of the mosque was the famous Sinan, and I wanted to be sure to see one of his monumental buildings.  Both expectations were rewarded, and more.  To get there I had to pass one of the institutions that brings many people to Istanbul, and many Istanbul people into the streets—the Grand Bazaar, another post conquest institution, a covered market of 4,000 shops that would do China proud—everything from copperware to clothes, utensils to jewelry—low to high prices.  The streets were pretty crowded with shoppers and tourists (sometimes one and the same), but every so often would be a gem—the column Constantine brought to Constantinople that once stood in front of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi; Istanbul university, with its combination of classical/Islamic/modern buildings; and tombs of the former Sultans, including Bayazit (the second emperor, who sent his fleet to Barcelona in 1492 to bring Jewish refugees from the expulsion in Spain to the Ottoman Empire),and the late 19^th century sultan who courted (and was courted by) Kaiser Wilhelm, whose gift of a fountain is still on the tour routes—especially for German visitors.

Those of you who have followed my blogs over the years know how fond I am of noting that Xi’an in China was the capital for over 1000 years, most recently 1000 years ago.  Imagine my joy in being in Istanbul, which for over 1000 years was the new “Rome” (under the name Constantinople), and for the next  nearly 500 years, as Istanbul, was home to the “Scourge of Europe.  It’s pretty obvious that whoever wrote the song which gave the title to this blog entry was drawing on the creation of the Turkish Republic from the wreckage of the Ottoman Empire in 1923.  All three parts of this brief history are apparent in this city of 15 million that spans two continents (East of the Bosphorus is Asia Minor, which as I told a student is like Asia Major, but with 4 fewer classes; that’s an IWU joke).

The efforts of Kemal Attaturk, who fought to reverse the Allied partition of Turkey after World War I are obvious in his efforts to secularize a Muslim state.  He abolished the Caliphate when the last religious leader of the Muslim world died in the early 1920s, and as we walked the city today, while some were in traditional garb, most Turks wore more European dress; also, it was Sunday, the day of rest in Turkey, but not much of the Muslim world.  Many of the mosques, which Mehmet the Conqueror (the 21 year old Sultan who led the troops that captured Constantinople in May 1453) turned into Churches (including Hagia Sophia, which we’ll see in the next few days) became museums.  And people smoke and drink (though the pastry shops far outnumber the bars), which again is not common in the Middle East.  Turkey is a secular Muslim country.

The Byzantine period lasted over 1000 years, from Constantine, the Roman Emperor who founded it early in the 4^th century, through 1453, when Constantine XI Paleologous died fighting the Turks.  The remains abound, and one of the purposes of my aftertour is to visit the Byzantine remains.  One of them is obvious from the ride in from the airport—much of the massive fortification is still present.  Indeed, the conquest of the city required a major siege, some subterfuge (the Byzantines chained the river to prevent the Ottoman navy from joining the battle; Mehmet hauled the ships overland and bypassed the chains); and some strange behavior (a Christian cannonier offered his services in making a huge cannon to the Byzantines.  Broke—partly because  of the fourth crusade, when the overzealous crusaders sacked and occupied Constantinople—the source of much of Venice’s wealth, including the famous horses in St. Mark’s.  Byzantium never recovered, and by 1543, the Eastern Roman Empire had pretty much been reduced to the city of Constantinople and its environs. Rejected by the Byzantines, the Christian cannon builder offered his services to Mehmet, who thus acquired the firepower needed to breach the walls).  Many of the churches and mosaics remain from the Byzantine period, and I am especially eager to see the Chora Church and the Archeological museum (the Hittites were here, too), and the underground cistern system.  The old aqueduct still stands—a testimony to Roman engineering.  Indeed, one of the major accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire was in keeping the barbarians out of Europe, with the exception of the Mongols; Greek scholars also keep alive Greco-Roman philosophy and literature at a time when Europe was in the Dark Ages.  When the Turks actually bore down on Constantinople, the Emperor offered to convert to Catholicism if the European countries would send troops  Perhaps if there’d been an EU in 1450, it’d still be Constantinople!  I saw another reminder of the cosmopolitan nature of the city under the Byzantines—the Galata Tower and the Yoros Castle (at the end of the Bosporus—more later on that) which were defended by the Venetians and Genoans who lved in the city, and whose trade was so important to the Byzantines and to the West.  Indeed, Constantinople at one time was one of the termini of the Silk Road to China.

The role of the Osman family (Ottoman) is the most pronounced in terms of tourist sites, and the history and culture of contemporary Turkey.  At varying times cosmopolitan (the Ottomans welcome Jews driven from Spain, and the physicians to the Sultans were usually Jewish), it’s sometimes difficult to remember how rich the country was—though it is easily remembered how powerful it was.  Suleyman’s defeat at the gates of Vienna marked the westward limits of Turkish conquests, but I’ve seen battlefields in Poland and Russia, and indications of the occupation of the Balkans, Greece, and Hungary that are neither forgotten nor forgiven.  We will be seeing the Topkapi Palace tomorrow, which should give our students some insight into what being rich meant in the 16^th and 17^th centuries. It helped Professor Pana and I to understand it when we went to a “traditional restaurant” whose recipes were based on the cookbook of Mehmet II.  As we sat in the shadow of Hagia Sophia, we ate like a king for a night.  We’ve set up a “farewell dinner” in a similar restaurant tomorrow, near the Chora Church with its world famous mosaics.

We got a look at the city and the Bosporous on a tour today, a four hour ferry ride to the Black Sea.  The importance of Constantinople/Istanbul, economically, is that it links the Russian breadbasket and the Mediterranean worlds.  The progression of the summer palaces north of the city—built by Sultans and grand viziers, mostly—showed the increasing wealth of the country.  The forts along the way revealed the importance to Turkey (and the Ottomans and the Byzantines) of guarding this “competitive advantage”.  Russia’s quest for open ports to the south framed much of Russian history certainly from Catherine the Great (who captured the Crimea from Muslims, thereby depriving the Ottoman armies of the best cavalry in the world) to Putin today.

Speaking of Russia (and the EU), Putin, when asked whether Russia would join the EU, reputinedly said, “The EU should join us”.  We hope to get more information on Turkey tomorrow.

As we left Athens this morning for the Peloponnesian peninsula, I realized that the Battle of Salamis may serve as a metaphor for both the past and the future of Greece.  The past is easier to discuss.  It’s much of what we’ve seen.  Today, for example, we were on our way to visit two wondrous ruins of the ancient world when our guide mentioned that on the coast we were passing Salamis, where in 490 BC Greek sailors defeated the Persians, one of the telling battles that led to the ascendancy of Athens and the building of the  world class Acropolis.  We were on our way to two sites, one nearly 1000 years earlier than the Acropolis, reflecting the civilization of the Mycenae period,, the other, a third century theater, paired with Greek medicine, that today has acoustics and seating for 14,000 that still draw entertainment  from performances of Aeschaelus to symphony orchestras, with acoustics at the top as clear as at the bottom—and no electronic magnification.

The trip took us about 100 miles from Athens, into the Peloponnese,  an area that rivaled Athens, and ultimately, in the Peloponnesian Wars (read your Thucydidies, considered one of the early historians), across the canal—considered by Alexander the Great, begun by Nero, completed in the 1890s—that cuts through the isthmus of Corinth, saving shippers the trek around the peninsula.

The theater is stunning, set in pines in the mountains, but its origins were to celebrate the god of healing, Asclepius. The Greeks had developed medicinal practices, ultimately ordered by Hippocrates (in the Hippocratic Oath that doctors still take today), that included therapies borrowed from Egypt, and home grown therapies such as shock treatments (putting people in with snakes)!  I’ve seen a similar complex in Pergamon, which apparently rivaled Epidavros, but today, what’s left at Epidavros is the theater.

We then went to Mycenae, which rekindled memories of Homer and the Trojan War, the Illiad and the Odysee, and the first humanities course I took in college. Mycenae, located by the famous German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, was supposedly the home of Agamemnon, commander of the Greek forces during the Trojan War, which was fought to reclaim Helen from Paris of Troy, who had kidnapped her.  Once considered pure fiction the current thinking is that Agamemnon was a real king, but the “mask of Agamemnon,” one of the most famous pieces in the National Archeological Museum (did I tell you they close all museums save the Acropolis museum at 3 pm to save money) is about 300 years off.  We saw the citadel on the acropolis, distinguished by a double lion gate, and the beehive shaped tomb where Schliemann found the mask. We also saw ruins of many other citadels, proving that Greece had both civil wars (the Peloponnesian War marked the end of the ascendancy of Athens) and wars with the Persians (and later others, including the Turks, who conquered the country shortly after the fall of Constantinople, and the Venetians, among others.

Back to the Salamis example I started with.  As we passed the port there, our guide pointed out what might be the future of Greece: Russians and Chinese had each leased a section of the port, which they were developing for export and import into the Southeastern states of the European Union, which after July 1, will include Croatia.  In fact our guide was hoping for Chinese tourists to cause the industry to rebound. Tourism, she pointed out, is down.

Hard to tell tonight as we had dinner in a traditional tavern, complete with folk dancing, in the shadow of the Acropolis.

Early tomorrow we depart for Istanbul.  Hope you’re enjoying the memorial day weekend

We’re at the limits of the European Union—in more ways than one.  We arrived yesterday (though it seems longer ago) in Athens, 1100 miles from Berlin, via Warsaw on Lot Airlines—no doubt an event to be celebrated.  We’re in the city with 5 million people, and it’s  easy to talk about the birth of democracy.  It happened here, and we’ve seen the love affair that Europe has had with Greece reflected in the museums in London, Paris, and Berlin.  The independence of Greece from Turkey, in the 1820s, was partly Europe’s payback for that love affair.  The heyday though (and Greece continues to cash in on it) was the Golden Age. Flush with its victories over the Persians in the 5^th century, Pericles and his cohorts constructed on the Acropolis a literal “city on a hill” that has become the second most-desired site to see in the world (second to Angkor Wat). We visited the Acropolis this afternoon as part of our city-of-Athens tour, and really the major highlight of it.  Perched atop the highest flat hill in Athens, the Greeks built temples to the main gods of the city, Athena (who supposedly gave the city olive trees), and Poseidon, who was the lord of the seas.  What remains from 2500 years of wars, Christianity, Islam, and pollution is still impressive. The Parthenon, the virgin Athena’s apartment, with its massive Doric pillars; the second temple to Poseidon and Athena, that has the caratyds (?} that support the roof, rather like the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.  There’s also a temple to Athena Nike (victory) and another smaller temple at the entrance. The Acropolis was used by the Greeks, the Romans, then converted to a Church when the empire went Christian, then converted to a Mosque when the Turks conquered Greece, then reconverted to the Acropolis.  One of the features we noted in London was the “Elgin Marbles” (saved from pollution and depredation, says the British Museum; stolen illegally, say the Greeks), the friezes that make up the story of the procession of Athena on the frieze at the Parthenon.

That was part of our city tour, though there really isn’t a lot to see in Athens; there’s a lot of temples from Greek and Roman days–the Romans adored Greek civilization, and helped spread it throughout the West.  The emperor Hadrian (2^nd century) had a special place for Athens, completing the Temple of Zeus, begun 5 centuries earlier and a triumphal arch, etc.  Athens, unlike Rome, wasn’t really the center of an Empire. Rather, our guide’s family background exemplifies the spread of Greek civilization; one parent has roots in Istanbul (Constantinople) and the other in Smyrna (izmir in Turkey).  Greek colonies dotted the eastern Mediterranean and the former Byzantine empire, lasting really until Ataturk in the 1920s fought to preserve and define a Turkish state that resulted in massive population movements of Greeks to Greece and Turks to Turkey.

We had about two hours of free time which I used to do what I love to do—wander aimlessly, exploring.  It gave me a new sense of ancient Greece because I went to areas that I’d never been before, which are not really accessible by bus.  The area is Monastraki, an old monastery area at the base of the Acropolis, that is really the old town.  One after another sights—the Roman baths, the library of Hadrian, the Tower of the Winds—all part of the ancient city artifacts, and all closed as of 3 pm.  Can you believe that?  Only one museum in the city is open after 3 pm….

The other question was partially settled at our visit to PWC (no, not with an alum, but set up by Jim Majernick, with Price Waterhouse Cooper, who was a student on one May term trip in 2001 which went around the world—and I’m glad I kept in touch with him.  PWC is a global accounting firm, which gave us an introduction to both Greece and the company.  There’s no doubt that Greece is one of the problem children in the European Union.  The unemployment rate is staggering—almost 30 per cent in the country, and over 60 percent among people under 24. Even the optimistic folks at PWC admitted that Greeks have lived beyond their means, and needed some of the discipline imposed on the country as the price for the bailout funds that have kept it afloat.  They were quick to note, however, that the press, especially CNN, has sensationalized the protests in Greece, hiring someone to launch tear gas for better pictures and a better story.

Whatever the truth (and we’re not going to Delphi for the oracle to predict the future or even give us a reading on the present), it’s pretty obvious that the EU is not the United States. The cultures, languages, histories, economies, are speed bumps in a flat world.  Economically, for example, of the 27 countries, 17 use the Euro, which means that there is one monetary policy for 17 countries, and 17 fiscal policies for those countries, not to mention the other ten. I think the folks in Brussels who called it an “unprecedented experiment” and “a work in progress” may have described it best. It’s too entangled to be untangled easily.

We mused about this on our way to having dinner on the Saronic Gulf, watching the sunset over the ocean.  I must say that the Olympics (we visited the 1896 site and passed by the 2004 village) in 2004 gave Greece a great public infrastructure, with a clean subway, but contributed part of the debt that in the days of easy money, made everyone happy in the European union.  It’s pretty obvious we tourists are now among the happiest people in the European Union.  Dining on saganaki and mousaka certainly helped.

Tomorrow we visit places that predate the golden age of Greece.

We started the day at one of the best views in Berlin—at the US Embassy in sight of the Brandenburg Gate. Our ticket there was Karin Churchey, a 1993 graduate of IWU who earned a MA in International Economics and Politics from the Johns Hopkins University; her career shifted from State Farm to State Department and found her in the political section of the Embassy in Berlin.  She was kind enough to invite four of her colleagues to explain the structure and work of the Embassy, and in turn, they gave us a quasi-official view of current issues in the European Union.  By and large, they were pleased to be posted in Berlin and rather optimistic about the European Union and Germany’s place in it.

The political and economic officers, for example, mentioned that Germany has asserted leadership, both within the European Union and also on behalf of the European Union In world politics—it’s got a number of troops supporting US efforts in the Middle East, for example.  German support for the government’s handling of the economy registers in the 70%, while Europe as a whole averages under 10. Even the support of Germans for the efforts to prop up the Euro are applauded—provided the mechanisms for responsible and accountability are put in place. Germans do not generally accept debt as readily as Americans do—the German word for guilt is identical to the word for debt, he stated, and was one reason Germany did not get burned as badly as the US did in 2008; another is that the economy is still weighted toward industry, rather than services.  He also pointed out that Germany has become a bigger economic trading partner with the Chinese, something I’ve seen on my trips to China.  Germany has benefitted from both travel (2 million Germans get US visas; 1 million Americans reciprocate), and, with the lowest birth rate in Europe, from immigration; 20% of Germans are “first generation.”

There’s no doubt that Germany “runs the economic show” in Europe, too, and has become an economic as well as a political force.  One of the officers began by mentioning a number of US cities, including Spartanburg, S.C., which were home to German auto transplants.

The State Department folks mentioned internships, and I think one thing our students are discovering is ways to return to Europe and to become better positioned to work in Europe.

Our more traditional business visit was to a BMW motorcycle plant—the only manufacturing one in the world, which is in Berlin.  That provided a fascinating look at a German company that is global, and one that demonstrates the industrial  competitive advantage of Germany.  BMW has been manufacturing motorcycles since 1923, and despite the cost (the cheapest one, I thought he said, was 7000 Euro, or about $10,000; the top-of-the line is $23000 but it can go up to 310 Km an hour—that’s about 180 miles an hour! ), has a 25% market share in Germany, with about 80% of the 110,000 cycles exported.  Some of them are assembled elsewhere, especially in Brazil.  When I asked about outsourcing, the tour guide said some subassembly is done in Austria.  The bikes are all presold, and you can design any way you like (that’s why the bikes are top-of-the line.  You can make it in 46 colors.  The guide told the story of a Middle Eastern sheik who asked whether BMW could make a gold motorcycle.  When asked what he wanted to pay for it, he replied, “No limit.”  The plant shut down all production to make the car for him. The factory has 100% quality check, too, which, as I said, provided an impressive case study of German competitiveness in manufacturing.

The rest of the afternoon was on our own, and Professor Pana and I came back to the Museum Island, where there are five major museums, for a stab at another. One of the highlights of the collections here is a colorful bust of Nefertiti, discovered by one of those German archaeologists I mentioned yesterday in December 1912.  Consequently, the museum (ironically, it was in the “New” Museum; the “Old” Museum has Renaissance and later painting!) had a special exhibit celebrating 100 years of the bust, which featured the workshop it was found in—it was involved in the Akhneton period, when Egypt turned to the Sun god; I thik his son was King Tut, probably the best known non-Biblical pharoh. I’m glad the Greeks (there was an interesting exhibit on the Greek/Roman world, down through the middle ages, which included materials on the Germanic tribes) et al. had so much art; there’s extensive collections around the world, but there’s still impressive collections that we’ll see beginning tomorrow in Athens.

I wish Ms. Churchey had been able to join us for dinner; the German government had invited her to a Spargel meal (that’s the white asparagus that’s in season here, and a real delicacy, as I discovered the other night), and she begged off.  She did recommend the Hofbrauhaus, which is around the corner for us, so we celebrated our last night in Berlin with pig knuckles and other delicacies.

We leave at 6 am tomorrow for Athens, the far reaches of the European Union.  Better pack up and click off.  Goodnight from Berlin.

Today was a religious holiday in Germany; though no one could tell us what it celebrated, no one seemed to object to having the day off (that’s very European—the numerous holidays; one’s initial job gets frequently 4 weeks’ vacation! Plus 10 holidays!).

Most museums were open, however, so we spent a big part of the day on a hop-on hop-off bus touring this city of 3.6 million people. As befits a city whose history goes back over 750 years, there was a lot to see—even if 70% of the city was bombed to rubble toward the end of World War II. There was just enough left to remind one that 19th and 20th century Berlin was a sophisticated, major capital of one of the great European powers. There are also reminders of the Nazi period, including the Reichstag building where the Nazis started a fire a blamed it on a Dutch Communist, using the episode to end the Weimar Republic and begin the push that would create the Nazi dictatorship. There’s the bunker where Hitler committed suicide, ending the horror he had caused, and the area where Valkerie, the attack on Hitler, took place. There’s reminders that Berlin once housed a thriving Jewish community of 160,000, whittled down through voluntary exile or involuntary holocaust to around a tenth of that today.

Post World War II is also present, and I can remember some of the episodes as Berlin stood out, transformed from a symbol of Naziism to the reminder to Eastern Europe of the differences between Soviet promises and the West’s reality. One of those symbols was the Berlin blockade (by the Soviets; Berlin was administered by the 4 Allies after World War II, but it was surrounded by the Deutsche Democratic Republic, the Soviet created and allied state); raised by non-stop flights of supplies (by the West). Another was the momentous change that occurred on November 9, 1989, before our students were born—when the Germans tore down the wall that the East German regime had erected in 1961 to keep East Germans from escaping to the west (the East German judges probably gave that move a 10, as they did at the Olympics for any East German athlete). Parts of the wall still remain, artistically painted over with themes of the still elusive peace. Indeed, the reunited Berlin is virtually festooned with artistic monuments dedicated to the future. In fact, one of Professor Pana’s comments is that if you come back in 20 years, you won’t recognize Berlin; the city has almost as many construction projects as Shanghai, befitting Europe’s strongest economy, and I believe, its most populous country.

As a great imperial city, Germany has outstanding museums (including museums remembering the Holocaust as well as East Germany, among others). We chose to take the class to the Pergamon museum, one of the finest collections of the ancient Middle East, the result of German archeologists frequently supported by Kaiser Wilhelm. Wilhelm cultivated the Turks in particular, as a make weight against Russia, and more or less contrived to push Turkey into World War I. If you want to read a fascinating study of his efforts to create a jihad in the Middle East (urging Arabs to avoid killing Germans and Austro-Hungarians), the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad is stranger than fiction.

The Pergamon museum was named for the altar a German archeologist brought back to Berlin from Pergamon, one of the Greek cities on the coast of Turkey. As I told students, Greece’s efforts to create a “European Union” did not result in an imperial Athens, but rather colonies which spread Greek civilization (a move that Alexander took militarily, and the Romans borrowed shamelessly and took with their legions). The museum has some other splendid relics, including another massive structure from Melis, also on the Turkish coast, which resembled the library of Ephesus, but also had a temple dedicated to Trajan and Hadrian, Roman emperors we’ll find active in Athens as well. The Ishtar Gate from Babylon is also in the museum—3,000 years old—from the palace of Nebuchadnezzar. On the way back, we stopped in the Berlin dome, the largest Protestant church in Germany. It’s neo Baroque, built in 1905, and has the distinction of housing the Hohenzollern family graves—not including Wilhelm II, who built it; he fled Germany for the Netherlands, and is buried there.

Some of us found our musical program—at the Staatopera. I saw that the Flying Dutchman was playing last night (part of a 200th year of Wagner’s birth celebration), and went to try to get tickets, only to find it was sold out. There were a few tickets left for a Tchaikovsky ballet, based on Symphonies 5, 6, and Capriccio Italien, which was great fun.
Germany is back in business tomorrow, and so are we. The reunited Germany moved the capital from Bonn in 1991 back to Berlin, which accounts for the efforts we saw today to return Berlin to its place as one of the great cities of the world; and it accounts for our visit to the US embassy, where we’ll be hosted by an IWU alum.